and

and constructs language-aware lists in R. It extends the functionality of functions like knitr::combine_words() and glue::glue_collapse() to make and-separated and or-separated lists that automatically conform to the user’s R language settings.

Installation

You can install the released version of and from CRAN with:

install.packages("and")

or the development version of and from GitHub with:

# install.packages("pak")
pak::pkg_install("rossellhayes/and")

Usage

and() creates “and”-separated lists from vectors.

names <- c("John", "Paul", "George", "Ringo")
and(names)
#> [1] "John, Paul, George, and Ringo"

But the Oxford comma is less common in other varieties of English, what happens if I change my R language to British English?

Sys.setenv(LANGUAGE = "en_GB")
and(names)
#> [1] "John, Paul, George and Ringo"

What about other languages?

Sys.setenv(LANGUAGE = "es")
and(names)
#> [1] "John, Paul, George y Ringo"
Sys.setenv(LANGUAGE = "eu")
and(names)
#> [1] "John, Paul, George eta Ringo"
Sys.setenv(LANGUAGE = "ko")
and(names)
#> [1] "John, Paul, George 및 Ringo"

Handling the nuances

Creating a list is not as simple as putting a different word between the last two items. For example, in Spanish, the word for and changes if the next word starts with an ⟨i⟩ or ⟨y⟩:

princess_bride <- c("Vizzini", "Fezzik", "Inigo Montoya")
Sys.setenv(LANGUAGE = "es")
and(princess_bride)
#> [1] "Vizzini, Fezzik e Inigo Montoya"

or-separated lists

Everything and() can do or() can do better. Just use or() to create or-separated lists with all the same contextual awareness.

outcomes <- c("win", "lose", "draw")
Sys.setenv(LANGUAGE = "en_US")
or(outcomes)
#> [1] "win, lose, or draw"
Sys.setenv(LANGUAGE = "ja")
or(outcomes)
#> [1] "win、lose、またはdraw"

Hardcoding language

Don’t want the language of you string to depend on the user’s environment variables? You can explicitly set the language using the language argument.

and(names, language = "en_US")
#> [1] "John, Paul, George, and Ringo"
and(names, language = "en_GB")
#> [1] "John, Paul, George and Ringo"
and(names, language = "es")
#> [1] "John, Paul, George y Ringo"
and(names, language = "fr")
#> [1] "John, Paul, George et Ringo"

Languages

Fully supported languages

Language	Code	and example	or example
Afrikaans	af	1, 2, 3 en 4	1, 2, 3 of 4
Albanian	sq	1, 2, 3 dhe 4	1, 2, 3 ose 4
Amharic	am	1፣ 2፣ 3, እና 4	1፣ 2፣ 3፣ ወይም 4
Arabic	ar	‏1 و2 و3 و4‎	‏1 أو 2 أو 3 أو 4‎
Armenian	hy	1, 2, 3 և 4	1, 2, 3 կամ 4
Assamese	as	1, 2, 3 আৰু 4	1, 2, 3 বা 4
Asturian	ast	1, 2, 3 y 4	1, 2, 3 o 4
Azerbaijani	az	1, 2, 3 və 4	1, 2, 3, yaxud 4
Bangla	bn	1, 2, 3 এবং 4	1, 2, 3, বা 4
Basque	eu	1, 2, 3 eta 4	1, 2, 3 edo 4
Belarusian	be	1, 2, 3 і 4	1, 2, 3 ці 4
Bosnian	bs	1, 2, 3 i 4	1, 2, 3 ili 4
Breton	br	1, 2, 3 ha 4	1, 2, 3 pe 4
Bulgarian	bg	1, 2, 3 и 4	1, 2, 3 или 4
Burmese	my	1 - 2 - 3နှင့် 4	1 - 2 - 3 သို့မဟုတ် 4
Cantonese	yue	1、2、3同4	1、2、3 或 4
Catalan	ca	1, 2, 3 i 4	1, 2, 3 o 4
Cebuano	ceb	1, 2, 3, ug 4	1, 2, 3, o 4
Cherokee	chr	1, 2, 3, ᎠᎴ 4	1, 2, 3, ᎠᎴᏱᎩ 4
Chinese	zh	1、2、3和4	1、2、3或4
Chuvash	cv	1, 2, 3 тата 4	1, 2, 3 е 4
Croatian	hr	1, 2, 3 i 4	1, 2, 3 ili 4
Czech	cs	1, 2, 3 a 4	1, 2, 3 nebo 4
Danish	da	1, 2, 3 og 4	1, 2, 3 eller 4
Dutch	nl	1, 2, 3 en 4	1, 2, 3 of 4
English (with Oxford comma)	en	1, 2, 3, and 4	1, 2, 3, or 4
English (without Oxford comma)	en_GB et al.*	1, 2, 3 and 4	1, 2, 3 or 4
Estonian	et	1, 2, 3 ja 4	1, 2, 3 või 4
Faroese	fo	1, 2, 3 og 4	1, 2, 3, ella 4
Filipino	fil	1, 2, 3, at 4	1, 2, 3, o 4
Finnish	fi	1, 2, 3 ja 4	1, 2, 3 tai 4
French	fr	1, 2, 3 et 4	1, 2, 3 ou 4
Galician	gl	1, 2, 3 e 4	1, 2, 3 ou 4
Georgian	ka	1, 2, 3 და 4	1, 2, 3 ან 4
German	de	1, 2, 3 und 4	1, 2, 3 oder 4
Greek	el	1, 2, 3 και 4	1, 2, 3 ή 4
Gujarati	gu	1, 2, 3 અને 4	1, 2, 3, અથવા 4
Hausa	ha	1, 2, 3, da 4	1, 2, 3 ko 4
Hebrew	he	‏1, 2, 3 ו4‎	‏1, 2, 3 או 4‎
Hindi	hi	1, 2, 3, और 4	1, 2, 3 या 4
Hungarian	hu	1, 2, 3 és 4	1, 2, 3 vagy 4
Icelandic	is	1, 2, 3 og 4	1, 2, 3 eða 4
Indonesian	id	1, 2, 3, dan 4	1, 2, 3, atau 4
Interlingua	ia	1, 2, 3 e 4	1, 2, 3 o 4
Irish	ga	1, 2, 3 agus 4	1, 2, 3 nó 4
Italian	it	1, 2, 3 e 4	1, 2, 3 o 4
Japanese	ja	1、2、3、4	1、2、3、または4
Javanese	jv	1, 2, 3, lan 4	1, 2, 3, utowo 4
Kabuverdianu	kea	1, 2, 3 i 4	1, 2, 3 o 4
Kaingang	kgp	1, 2, 3 kar 4	1, 2, 3 ketũmỹr 4
Kannada	kn	1, 2, 3, ಮತ್ತು 4	1, 2, 3, ಅಥವಾ 4
Kazakh	kk	1, 2, 3, 4	1, 2, 3, не болмаса 4
Khmer	km	1, 2, 3 និង 4	1, 2, 3 ឬ 4
Konkani	kok	1, 2, 3, 4	1, 2, 3, वा 4
Korean	ko	1, 2, 3 및 4	1, 2, 3 또는 4
Kurdish	ku	1, 2, 3 û 4	1, 2, 3 an 4
Kyrgyz	ky	1, 2, 3 жана 4	1, 2, 3 же 4
Lao	lo	1, 2, 3, 4	1, 2, 3 ຫຼື 4
Latvian	lv	1, 2, 3 un 4	1, 2, 3 vai 4
Lithuanian	lt	1, 2, 3 ir 4	1, 2, 3 ar 4
Lower Sorbian	dsb	1, 2, 3 a 4	1, 2, 3 abo 4
Macedonian	mk	1, 2, 3 и 4	1, 2, 3 или 4
Malay	ms	1, 2, 3 dan 4	1, 2, 3, atau 4
Malayalam	ml	1, 2, 3, 4 എന്നിവ	1, 2, 3, അല്ലെങ്കിൽ 4
Marathi	mr	1, 2, 3 आणि 4	1, 2, 3, किंवा 4
Mongolian	mn	1, 2, 3, 4	1, 2, 3, 4 зэргийн аль нэг
Nepali	ne	1,2, 3 र 4	1, 2, 3, वा 4
Nheengatu	yrl	1, 2, 3 asuí 4	1, 2, 3 u 4
Nigerian Pidgin	pcm	1, 2, 3, an 4	1, 2, 3 ọ 4
Norwegian	no	1, 2, 3 og 4	1, 2, 3 eller 4
Norwegian Bokmål	nb	1, 2, 3 og 4	1, 2, 3 eller 4
Norwegian Nynorsk	nn	1, 2, 3 og 4	1, 2, 3 eller 4
Odia	or	1, 2, 3, ଓ 4	1, 2, 3 କିମ୍ବା 4
Persian	fa	‏1،‏ 2،‏ 3، و 4‎	‏1،‏ 2،‏ 3، یا 4‎
Polish	pl	1, 2, 3 i 4	1, 2, 3 lub 4
Portuguese	pt	1, 2, 3 e 4	1, 2, 3 ou 4
Punjabi	pa	1, 2, 3 ਅਤੇ 4	1, 2, 3 ਜਾਂ 4
Quechua	qu	1, 2, 3, 4	1, 2, 3, utaq 4
Romanian	ro	1, 2, 3 și 4	1, 2, 3 sau 4
Romansh	rm	1, 2, 3 e 4	1, 2, 3 u 4
Russian	ru	1, 2, 3 и 4	1, 2, 3 или 4
Sardinian	sc	1, 2, 3 e 4	1, 2, 3 o 4
Scottish Gaelic	gd	1, 2, 3 agus 4	1, 2, 3 no 4
Serbian	sr	1, 2, 3 и 4	1, 2, 3 или 4
Sindhi	sd	‏1, 2, 3، ۽ 4‎	‏1, 2, 3, يا 4‎
Sinhala	si	1, 2, 3, සහ 4	1, 2, 3, හෝ 4
Slovak	sk	1, 2, 3 a 4	1, 2, 3 alebo 4
Slovenian	sl	1, 2, 3 in 4	1, 2, 3 ali 4
Somali	so	1, 2, 3 iyo 4	1, 2, 3 ama 4
Spanish	es	1, 2, 3 y 4	1, 2, 3 o 4
Swahili	sw	1, 2, 3 na 4	1, 2, 3 au 4
Swedish	sv	1, 2, 3 och 4	1, 2, 3 eller 4
Syriac	syr	‏1, 2, 3، ܘ4‎	‏1, 2, 3، ܝܐ 4‎
Tamil	ta	1, 2, 3 மற்றும் 4	1, 2, 3 அல்லது 4
Telugu	te	1, 2, 3 మరియు 4	1, 2, 3 లేదా 4
Thai	th	1 2 3 และ4	1, 2, 3 หรือ 4
Tigrinya	ti	1፣ 2፣ 3ን 4ን	1፣ 2፣ 3 ወይ 4
Tongan	to	1 mo 2 mo 3 mo 4	1, 2, 3, pē 4
Turkish	tr	1, 2, 3 ve 4	1, 2, 3 veya 4
Turkmen	tk	1, 2, 3 we 4	1, 2, 3 ýa-da 4
Ukrainian	uk	1, 2, 3 і 4	1, 2, 3 або 4
Upper Sorbian	hsb	1, 2, 3 a 4	1, 2, 3 abo 4
Urdu	ur	‏1، 2، 3، اور 4‎	‏1، 2، 3، یا 4‎
Uzbek	uz	1, 2, 3 va 4	1, 2, 3 yoki 4
Vietnamese	vi	1, 2, 3 và 4	1, 2, 3 hoặc 4
Welsh	cy	1, 2, 3 a 4	1, 2, 3 neu 4
Yoruba	yo	1, 2, 3, 4	1 pẹ̀lú 2, 3, tabi 4
Yoruba (Benin)	yo_BJ	1, 2, 3, 4	1 pɛ̀lú 2, 3, tabi 4

* The following English variants use an Oxford comma in addition to en_GB: en_AG, en_AI, en_AT, en_AU, en_BB, en_BE, en_BM, en_BS, en_BW, en_BZ, en_CA, en_CC, en_CH, en_CK, en_CM, en_CX, en_CY, en_DE, en_DG, en_DK, en_DM, en_ER, en_FI, en_FJ, en_FK, en_FM, en_GD, en_GG, en_GH, en_GI, en_GM, en_GY, en_HK, en_IE, en_IL, en_IM, en_IN, en_IO, en_JE, en_JM, en_KE, en_KI, en_KN, en_KY, en_LC, en_LR, en_LS, en_MG, en_MO, en_MS, en_MT, en_MU, en_MV, en_MW, en_MY, en_NA, en_NF, en_NG, en_NL, en_NR, en_NU, en_NZ, en_PG, en_PK, en_PN, en_PW, en_RW, en_SB, en_SC, en_SD, en_SE, en_SG, en_SH, en_SI, en_SL, en_SS, en_SX, en_SZ, en_TC, en_TK, en_TO, en_TT, en_TV, en_TZ, en_UG, en_VC, en_VG, en_VU, en_WS, en_ZA, en_ZM, and en_ZW.

Partially supported languages

Partially supported languages generally localize and() but not or().

Language	Code	and example
Bodo	brx	1, 2, 3, आरो 4
Chakma	ccp	1, 2, 3 𑄃𑄳𑄃 4
Colognian	ksh	1, 2, 3 un 4
Dogri	doi	1, 2, 3, ते 4
Dzongkha	dz	1 དང་ 2 དང་ 3 དང་ 4
Ewe	ee	1, 2, 3, kple 4
Friulian	fur	1, 2, 3 e 4
Igbo	ig	1, 2, 3, na 4
Kashmiri	ks	‏1، 2، 3، تٕہ 4‎
Luxembourgish	lb	1, 2, 3 a(n) 4
Maithili	mai	1, 2, 3, और 4
Maltese	mt	1, 2, 3, u 4
Manipuri	mni	1, 2, 3 অমসুং 4
Ngomba	jgo	1, ŋ́gɛ 2, ŋ́gɛ 3, ḿbɛn ŋ́gɛ 4
Northern Sami	se	1, 2, 3 ja 4
Ossetic	os	1, 2, 3 ӕмӕ 4
Pashto	ps	‏1، 2، 3، او 4‎
Sanskrit	sa	1, 2, 3, तथा 4
Sundanese	su	1, 2, 3, sareng 4
Swiss German	gsw	1, 2, 3 und 4
Tatar	tt	1, 2, 3 һәм 4
Walser	wae	1, 2, 3 und 4
Western Balochi	bgn	‏1، 2، 3، و 4‎
Western Frisian	fy	1, 2, 3 en 4
Yakut	sah	1, 2, 3 уонна 4
Yiddish	yi	‏1, 2, 3 און 4‎
Zulu	zu	1, 2, 3, ne-4

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Hex sticker image by Flavia Rossell Hayes.

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